Electrical Engineering Articles & Guides
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Substation Battery Charger Sizing: Continuous Load and Recharge Duty
A substation battery charger must support the ongoing direct-current (DC) load while returning the charge removed from the battery within the accepted recovery period. Calculate those two demands…
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MV Switchgear Commissioning: Evidence Required Before Energization
Medium-voltage (MV) switchgear is ready for initial energization when the installed assembly, its protection and control interfaces, and its restored operating configuration have traceable acceptance evidence. A passing…
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Electrical Safety Culture: Turn Hazard Reports into Verified Controls
Electrical safety culture becomes observable when a worker can raise a concern, obtain a controlled response, and see that the corrective action actually works. Build that feedback loop…
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Computer Grounding Problems: Diagnose Noise Without Removing Protective Earth
When a computer resets, a data link fails or connected equipment produces interference, keep the protective grounding path intact and investigate the power and data interfaces together. The…
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Busbar Short-Circuit Stress: Peak Force, Supports and AC/DC Boundaries
Busbar short-circuit mechanical verification starts with the fault-current waveform and ends with a demonstrated load path through conductors, joints, supports and their mounting structure. Operating ampacity does not…
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Distance Protection Calculations: Line Impedance, Relay Ohms and Ground Loops
Distance protection compares an apparent loop impedance derived from voltage and current phasors with a defined operating characteristic. A useful calculation must identify the fault loop, line-impedance data,…
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DC Supply Schemes for Substation Protection: A Redundancy Review
Select a substation DC supply scheme by asking which protection functions survive each credible failure, not by counting chargers or drawing two outgoing feeders. Two chargers connected to…
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MV Cable Insulation Selection: XLPE, TR-XLPE and EPR
Choose medium-voltage cable insulation by comparing complete cable constructions under the same service conditions. XLPE, tree-retardant XLPE and EPR identify material families; they do not independently establish voltage…
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Temporary Jobsite Power: A U.S. NEC and OSHA Verification Workflow
Temporary jobsite power needs a source-to-use verification record, not just a generator, extension cords and a ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI). Define the supply and load duty, verify distribution…
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ATEX Camera Selection for Zone 1 and Zone 2: Verify the Complete Assembly
An ATEX camera is suitable for a Zone 1 or Zone 2 installation only when the complete installed configuration matches the classified atmosphere and its conformity evidence. Check…